Offences Against Public Tranquillity
(1) Publishing (by words, signs, visible representation, or electronic means): imputations that a group can't be loyal to India's Constitution/sovereignty due to their religion/race/language/region/caste; assertions that a group should be denied citizenship rights on such grounds; assertions about group obligations likely to cause enmity; or false/misleading information jeopardising India's sovereignty/unity/integrity/security - is punished with up to 3 years' imprisonment, fine, or both. (2) The same offence in a place of worship is punished with up to 5 years' imprisonment plus fine.
This complements Section 196 by specifically targeting speech that questions a group's national loyalty or citizenship rights based on identity, or spreads false information threatening national integrity - notably, this is also the provision that directly covers deliberate disinformation jeopardising national security.
Publishing false information specifically designed to jeopardise India's security or unity - a form of deliberate, security-relevant disinformation - falls under this section's fourth limb, distinct from the identity-based-hatred limbs that precede it.